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Πῶς ηὐξήθη τὰ φυτὰ καὶ εἰ ζῷα.

Πλάτων Ἐμπεδοκλῆς καὶ τὰ φυτὰ ἔμψυχα ζῷα: φανερὸν δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σαλεύεσθαι καὶ ἐντετα [p. 369] μένους ἔχειν τοὺς κλάδους καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἐπαναγωγαῖς εἴκειν καὶ πάλιν σφοδρῶς ἀναχαλᾶσθαι, ὥστε καὶ συνανέλκειν βάρη.

Ἀριστοτέλης ἔμψυχα μὲν οὐ μὴν ζῷα τὰ γὰρ ζῷα ὁρμητικὰ εἶναι καὶ αἰσθητικά, ἔνια δὲ καὶ λογικά.

οἱ Στωικοὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ Ἐπικούρειοι οὐκ ἔμψυχα τινὰ γὰρ ψυχῆς ὁρμητικῆς εἶναι καὶ ἐπιθυμητικῆς, τινὰ δὲ καὶ λογικῆς: τὰ δὲ φυτὰ αὐτομάτως πως κεκινῆσθαι οὐ διὰ ψυχῆς.

Ἐμπεδοκλῆς πρῶτα τὰ δένδρα τῶν ζῴων ἐκ γῆς ἀναδῦναί φησι, πρὶν τὸν ἥλιον περιαπλωθῆναι καὶ πρὶν ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα διακριθῆναι διὰ δὲ συμμετρίαν τῆς κράσεως τὸν τοῦ ἄρρενος καὶ τοῦ θήλεος περιέχειν λόγον: αὔξεσθαι δ᾽ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐν τῇ γῇ θερμοῦ διαιρουμένου, ὥστε γῆς εἶναι μέρη, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἔμβρυα τὰ ἐν τῇ γαστρὶ τῆς μήτρας μέρη: τοὺς δὲ καρποὺς περιττώματα εἶναι τοῦ ἐν τοῖς φυτοῖς ὕδατος καὶ πυρός: καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐλλιπὲς ἔχοντα τὸ ὑγρόν, ἐξικμαζομένου αὐτοῦ τῷ θέρει, φυλλορροεῖν, τὰ δὲ πλεῖον παραμένειν, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῆς δάφνης καὶ τῆς ἐλαίας καὶ τοῦ φοίνικος τὰς δὲ διαφορὰς τῶν χυμῶν παραλλαγὰς τῆς πολυμερείας [p. 370] καὶ τῶν φυτῶν γίνεσθαι, διαφόρους ἑχόντων τὰς ἀπὸ τοῦ τρέφοντος ὁμοιομερείας, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀμπέλων: οὐ γὰρ αἱ διαφοραὶ τούτων χρηστικὸν οἶνον ποιοῦσιν, ἀλλ᾽ αἱ τοῦ τρέφοντος ἐδάφους.

Plutarch. Moralia. Gregorius N. Bernardakis. Leipzig. Teubner. 1893. 5.

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