Russian forces laid siege to Przemyśl fortress, an Austro-Hungarian stronghold in South-Eastern Poland. At one point, due to an Austro-Hungarian counterattack, the siege was suspended. However, Russian forces regrouped, and the fortress eventually surrendered.
Fall of Przemsyl
Theatre of war in Eastern Europe won by the Central Powers after the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917.
Repression/Political Punishment
Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis
Dr. Hillis
Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis
Rev. Hillis
Captain Fryatt
Charles Algernon Fryatt
Hardship experienced by Belgian civilians while under German occupation.
Miss Cavell
Nurse Cavell
Edith Louisa Cavell
Désiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier
Rozalia Luxenburg
Róża Luksemburg
Moritz Ferdinand Freiherr von Bissing
Governor von Bissing
Baron von Bissing
Bishop Cleary
British Red Cross Society and Order of St John of Jerusalem Garage
In July 1916, British soldiers advanced on German lines at Gommecourt, in Northern France, yet were unsuccessful in taking the German position.
Allied campaign on the Gallipoli peninsula of the Ottoman Empire.
Opening phase of the British and French offensives that eventually became the Battle of the Somme.
Allied offensive near the Somme River in Picardy, France.
Operations on the Somme
First Battle of Ypres
First Battle of Flanders
Battles of Ypres, 1914
Naval operations of the First World War.
Ottoman forces laid siege and later captured a British-Indian garrison at Kut, south-east of Baghdad. The decision to surrender proved humiliating for commanding officer Major-General Charles Townshend, as well as British High Command.
Siege of Kut
Siege of Kut Al Amara
First Battle of Kut
Prices
Wilhelm Leopold Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz
Governor von der Goltz
Material Situation
CNSA
National Relief and Food Committee
Nationaal Hulp- en Voedingscomité
National Committee of Aid and Alimentation
Nationall Comité voor Hulpverlening en Voeding
Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation
During the Third Battle of Ypres, Allied forces launched a general offensive to the north of the Ypres Salient, near Langemarck, and in the south, near Gheluvelt Plateau. Though successful in the north, an entrenched German defense at Gheluvelt Plateau halted the British advance.
Battle of Langemarck
Battle of Langemarck, 1917
Battle of Passchendaele
Third Battle of Ypres
Passchendaele
Battles of Ypres, 1917
As part of the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans advanced upon Frezenberg Ridge. Their offensive met entrenched resistance, however, leading to the deployment of chlorine gas. Forced to retreat, the British and French abandoned Frezenberg Ridge to the Germans.
Battle of Frezenberg
Battle of Frezenberg Ridge
Battle of Freezenberg Ridge
Summer Operations, 1915
Second Battle of Ypres
Battles of Ypres, 1915
Battles of Aubers Ridge
Battle of the Selle River
Battle of the Selle
After breaking through the vaunted Hindenburg Line, Allied forces prepared for the final assault on Germany.
Final Advance
The massive final attempt by the German Army to break through British defenses during the First Battle of Ypres. Led by Crown Prince Rupprecht, German forces coordinated heavy artillery and infantry attacks on British positions over a stretch of eight miles. The furthest advance pushed into Nonne Bosschen Woods, before a British counterattack halted the German offensive.
Battle of Nonne Bosschen
German offensive in Flanders during the initial invasion.
Operations in Flanders, 1914
During the Battle of the Somme, the British Fourth Army advanced upon the German held town of Morval, in Northern France. Though able to secure Morval, the French Sixth Army failed to advance, leaving the British vulnerable.
Battles of the Somme, 1916
Belgium
The Official Belgian response to allegations of atrocities committed against German soldiers.
Near Allenstein in Northeastern Poland, Germans forces encircled and virtually destroyed the Russian Second Army.
Battle of Tannenberg
Near Vittorio Veneto in Northern Italy, Italian forces decisively defeated the Austro-Hungarian army, ending the war on the Italian Front and helping secure the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Battle of Vittorio Veneto
Fighting in Italy during the First World War.
German army
Laws of War on Land
German violations of the Hague Conventions as regards the treatment of citizens during wartime
German Violation of the Hague Conventions
Debt securities issued for the purpose of financing military operations during the war.
Final offensive mounted by the British Fourth Army during the Battle of the Somme. Despite initial success, deteriorating weather conditions and an entrenched German defense repelled the attack, and ultimately rendered it indecisive.
Battle of Le Transloy Ridges
Housing shortages in German occupied France and Belgium.
After their great victory at Gorlice-Tarnow, the Germans advanced swiftly upon the Russian controlled Austro-Hungarian fortress at Lemberg, in Galicia. Outnumbered, Russian forces were forced to retreat and abandon the fortress to German control.
Battle of Galicia
In late September 1918, the British staged an offensive against entrenched Ottoman forces at Nablus, in the Northern West Bank. Utilizing heavy artillery, the British forced an Ottoman retreat, securing the town and taking thousands of prisoners.
Battle of Nablus, 1918
British Campaign against the Ottoman Empire in Egypt and Palestine.
Campaign on the Eastern Frontier and Palestine
During the Allied invasion of Gallipoli, British and French forces landed at Suvla Bay hoping to press inland and assist Anzac troops in the Battle of Gallipoli. However, poor management and the Ottoman defense inflicted heavy casualties on Allied troops. Eventually reinforced, Allied forces pressed forward, and launched the Battle of Scimitar Hill. This failure, however, decimated the Gallipoli campaign, and after several small battles the Allies ultimately withdrew from Suvla.
Battles of Suvla
Belgian Commission of Inquiry
German fear of these enemy guerrilla/civilian fighters often led to harsh occupation policies and, in several cases, atrocity actions.
Karl Gustav Ossiannilsson
Oskar Karl Gustav Adolf
Friedrich von Bernhardi
General von Bernhardi
Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz
British offensive in the Jordan valley.
Miracle of the Marne
Battle of the Marne
Japan, after an official request from the British Government, declared war on Germany on August 23rd, 1914.
Entry of Japan into First World War
Air raids conducted by the German Air-force against Allied targets.
Ottoman forces attacked British and Baku defensive positions in the city of Baku, in Azerbaijan.
Battle of Bazentin Ridge, 1916
Battle of Bazentin Ridge
Captain Dültingen
Monsignor Heylen
Bishop Thomas Louis Heylen
Father Heylen
Right Honorable Sir Frederick Pollock
British Committee to Advise the British Government on alleged Outrages by the German Military
Bryce Committee
Werchter
Belgium rejected Germany's demand for free passage for its armies through Belgian territory.
Belgian Rejection of German Ultimatum
Gerard Mathieu Leman
George Creel
Committee on Public Information
Gérard François Marie Cooreman
G. Cooreman
President Cooreman
Chevalier Ernst de Bunswyck
Eugène Goblet d'Alviella
Count Count Goblet d'Alviella
Father Robert Lieber
Father Lieber
German military occupation of Belgium lasting from the initial invasion until the armistice announcement.
After King Albert I of Belgium rejected the German Ultimatum (of free passage), Germany invaded Belgium on August 4th, 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan.
German Invasion of Belgium
Émile Vandervelde
German soldiers using Belgian and French civilians as human shields.
Human Shields
Atrocities committed by the German army against civilians in occupied Belgium and northern France.
The British Fourth Army, under the direction of General Henry Rawlinson, advanced upon German outpost positions on the high ground of the German Hindenburg Line at Epéhy, in Northern France. Only moderately successful, the battle nonetheless signaled that German lines were vulnerable, prompting Allied Command to continue the offensive (at the Battle of St. Quentin Canal).
Battle of Epehy
Battle of Epéhy
During the Hundred Days Offensive of 1918, Allied troops broke through the vaunted Hindenburg Line (a German defensive trench system) stretching from Lens in Northern France to Verdun.
Breaking of Hinderburg Line
Series of battles in Northern France that led to the collapse of the German Hindenburg Line.
Battles of the Hindenburg Line
The Official British response to allegations of Belgian atrocities committed against German soldiers.
Official responses to accusations of atrocities.
Official Responses
Germany's declaration of war on Belgium after the latter's rejection of its ultimatum resulted in the violation of Belgian neutrality established in 1839 by the Treaty of London. The Germans claimed that France was planning to attack them through Belgium and they were compelled to preempt this attack by sending armies into Belgium themselves.
Violation of Belgian neutrality
Germany declared war on Belgium after the latter had rejected the German request for free passage through its territory.
German Declaration of War on Belgium
Germany demanded free passage for its armies through neutral Belgium's territory in their campaign against France.
Second Battle of Passchendaele
During the Fourth Battle of Ypres (Battle of the Lys), the German Sixth Army advanced upon an important Allied supply center at Hazebrouck, in Northern France. Though initially successful, the German offensive was eventually halted by combined British and Australian forces.
German offensive in the Flanders region of Northern France.
Offensive in Flanders
Fourth Battle of Ypres
Third Battle of Flanders
Battles of the Lys
At the end of August 1914, advancing German troops sacked and burned Louvain, Belgium. The burning of the University Library was seen by the Allies as a particularly terrible act.
Destruction of Louvain
Catholics
German soldiers taking Belgian and French civilians as hostages.
As part of the Battle of Arras, British and Canadian troops launched an attack towards Arleux-en-Gohelle, capturing the village that same evening
Battle of Arleux
Battles of Arras, 1917
A British attack launched April 9th, 1917 as part of the Neville Offensive, which hoped to end the war in forty-eight hours. Though British forces advanced and captured several strategic positions, it came at the cost of high casualties and the failure to end the war.
Arras Offensive
Battle of the Ancre, 1916
Resistance by the Catholic Church to the hardship endured in Belgium during German occupation.
Catholic Church
Resistance by the Belgian clandestine press, Catholic Church, and local civic leaders to German occupation.
Official German response to allegations of atrocities committed in occupied France and Belgium.
Ottoman forces launched an attack across the Sinai Peninsula hoping to occupy the British-owned Suez Canal. Indian, Australian, and British forces, however, successfully defended against the assault.
During the Race to the Sea, British forces encountered German troops between the river Douve and the Comines-Ypres canal in Belgium. The ensuing battle was a stalemate.
Battle of Messines, 1914
A naval battle off the coast of Coronel, Chile during which German forces led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee defeated British forces commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock
Battle of Coronel, 1914
Battle of Coronel
Made French the official language of the University of Ghent
In December, 1917 British ANZAC troops advanced upon Welsh Ridge, capturing crucial armaments and supplies while forcing the German 42nd Division into a retreat.
Battle of Cambrai, 1917
During the Battle of Cambrai in 1917, the British utilized new artillery and infiltration techniques, as well as coordinated air and tank operations, to temporarily break through the German Hindenburg Line. Though eventually a stalemate, the battle provided a template for Allied strategy in the upcoming Hundred Days Offensive.
Cambrai Operations
Battle of Albert, 1916
The final conflict of the Second Battle of Ypres, during which the Germans initiated a great offensive (noted for its use of poisonous gas) against British lines holding the Ypres salient. Though German forces inflicted heavy casualties, the British ultimately repelled the attack.
Battle of Bellewaarde Ridge
Battle of Bellewaarde
Battle of Bellewarde
Battle of Bellewaerde Ridge
Battle of the St Quentin Canal
Allied Forces, led by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, attacked and punctured the Ottoman front line at Tulkarm, pushing the Ottoman front line back to Acre and setting the stage for the final Allied assault.
Unofficial ceasefires along the Western Front before and during Christmas, 1914. In some isolated cases, troops ventured into No Man's Land and exchanged food and souvenirs with the enemy. For many, the Christmas Truce is seen as a symbolic moment of peace during one of history's most violent conflicts.
During the Fourth Battle of Ypres, a German advance captured Scherpenberg, a hill to the northwest of Kemmelberg in West Flanders.
Battle of the Scherpenberg
After consecutive defeats to Austro-Hungarian forces, Italian troops set up a defensive line along the Piave River in Northern Italy. Using heavy artillery, Italian forces halted the Austro-Hungarian attack, inflicting heavy casualties.
Battle of the Piave River
Battle of the Piave
During the final Allied assault, British and French forces launched an attack near the Sambre Canal, in Northern France. Though suffering casualties, Allied forces nonetheless pushed through the German defense, and continued the assault until Armistice Day.
Second Battle of the Sambre
Failed attack by the British Royal Navy on the German held port of Ostend, in Belgium.
A naval battle fought at Dogger Bank in the North Sea, during which British forces sunk the German SMS Blücher while losing no ships and taking only minimal casualties.
Battle of Dogger Bank, 1915
Battle of Dogger Bank
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle
A.C. Doyle
Sir A.C. Doyle
Jules Destrée
Helsinki
Jules-Martin Cambon
During the Spring Offensive of 1918, German forces initiated an attack on Amiens, in Northern France. The British and Australian defense, however, proved decisive, and the German advance was halted.
Battle of the Avre
Opening encounters that would eventually become the Battle of the Somme.
First Battles of the Somme, 1918
German offensive in the Picardy region of Northern France.
Offensive in Picardy
During the Third Battle of Ypres, the British staged a massive offensive under the cover of heavy artillery fire. Though successful at securing territory, the battle failed to produce any chance of a breakthrough.
Battle of Pilckem Ridge
Allied offensive in Belgium.
Flanders Offensive
Belgians collaborating with the occupying Germany Army: war profiteers, Flemish activists, informers, and women suspected of consorting with German troops
Collaboration
On November 11th, 1918 the German Empire signed an armistice with Allied Powers, ending fighting on the Western Front. On June 28th, 1919 Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, formally acknowledging its defeat in the war.
Domestic loans issued by belligerent nations to finance the war effort.
The British HMS Triumph was sunk by a German U-Boat just off the coast of the Gallipoli peninsula in May 1915.
Boehn, Max von
Aarschot
Nieber, von
Walther Freiherr von Lüttwitz
General Lüttwitz
Lüttwitz, Walther von
Major-Commandant Dieckmann
Atrocities committed by the German Army against civilian property in occupied Belgium and northern France.
Atrocity action whereby German soldiers used incendiary devices to intentionally set fire to buildings in occupied Belgium and Northern France
Labor forced upon Belgians by the occupying German army.
German forces attacked Canadian and British forces at Mount Sorrel, near Ypres in Belgium. Though initially successful, Allied forces counterattacked and eventually retook most of their original position.
Battle of Hill 62
Local battles fought by the British and French on the Western Front in 1916.
Local Operations, 1916
After the Battle of Coronel, during which a German Squadron commanded by Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee defeated a Royal Navy Squadron, the British sent a large force to pursue and destroy Spee's squadron. The battle, which occurred near the Falkland Islands, was a decisive British victory, as all but two of Spee's vessels were destroyed.
Battle of the Falkland Islands
During the final conflict of the Mesopotamian Campaign, British and Indian forces advanced upon the Ottoman Sixth Army north of Baghdad. Despite Ottoman artillery fire, Allied forces advanced and eventually surrounded the enemy, forcing them to surrender.
Part of the Fourth Battle of Ypres (Battle of the Lys), during which British forces at Béthune repelled an attack by the 6th German Army.
Battle of Béthune
During the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans released chlorine gas over French front lines, killing thousands. The accompanying German offensive, however, failed to penetrate the French defensive line.
Battle of Gravenstafel
Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge
The opening stage of the British and French invasion of Gallipoli.
Battle of Messines
Battle of Messines, 1917
German soldiers killing civilians in occupied Belgium and France.
President Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Albert Theodor Otto von Emmich
General von Emmich
H.H. Asquith
Prime Minister Asquith
Henri Victor Marie Ghislain
Count Carton de Wiart
A tactical retreat by British, French, and Belgian forces at Le Cateau-Cambrésis, in Northern France. Though thousands were captured or wounded, and several artillery pieces were abandoned to the enemy, the Battle of Le Cateau was a success in that it granted Allied forces several days to retreat.
Battle of Le Cateau
First Battle of the Aisne
Battle of the Aisne, 1914
Two days after Belgium rejected the German Ultimatum, German troops invaded Belgium. Retreating to Antwerp, Belgian forces defended until overwhelming German numbers pushed through and occupied the city.
Battle of Mons
The British HMS Raglan was attacked and sunk by the Turkish battle-cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim just off the coast of the Gallipoli penninsula.
During the First Battle of the Somme, Australian and British troops slowly advanced and later secured Pozières, in Northern France. Significant casualties, however, mitigated the success of the operation.
Battle of Pozières Ridge
Third Battle of Picardy
Battle of Amiens
After the failed German Spring Offensive of 1918, the Army Group of Flanders (combined Belgian, British, and French divisions under the command of King Albert I) advanced upon northern France and southern Belgium as part of Marshal Ferdinand Foch's Grand Offensive.
Advance in Picardy
Battle of Aubers Ridge
During the Race to the Sea, the British successfully maintained their line against repeated German assaults.
Battle of Armentières
During the Battle of the Somme, the British assaulted the German held village of Guillemont in Northern France. Though British forces seized Guillemont Station, their offensive was frustrated by an entrenched German defense.
Battle of Guillemont, 1916
During the Second Battle of the Marne (part of the Spring Offensive of 1918), the German advance was halted by combined British and Italian forces in the Ardre Valley, in North Eastern France, forcing a German retreat.
Battle of Tardenois
During the Spring Offensive of 1918, German forces launched an assault on Allied forces east of Reims, in Champagne. An Allied counterattack, however, halted the German offensive.
Counter-Attack in Champagne
During the Allied invasion of Gallipoli, British and French forces landed at Sulva Bay hoping to press inland and assist Anzac troops in the Battle of Gallipoli. However, poor management and the Ottoman defense inflicted heavy casualties on Allied troops, who were defeated.
Antislavery and Aborigines Protection Society
While British and French soldiers landed at Cape Helles, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps staged an amphibious invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula at Anzac Cove.
Landing at Gaba Tepe
Landing at Anzac Cove
French people
Franciscus Petrus Maria Lateur
VISCOUNT BRYCE
Josephus Daniels
Over a series of battles, British forces encircled and captured the Ottoman Eighth and Seventh Armies in and around the Judean Hills.
Battles of Megiddo
A failed British offensive in Belgium during the Third Battle of Ypres.
During the Second Battle of the Somme, the British First Army widened its attack on Bapaume to include Arras.
First Battle of Arras, 1918
Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann Hollweg
Governor Bethman-Hollweg
The European great powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium under this treaty, among other things.-
Scrap of paper
Sir William Edward Goschen
Count de Broqueville
Charles Marie Pierre Albert
Prime Minister Charles de Broqueville
Prime Minister de Broqueville
Johan Hendrik Labberton
Dr. Labberton
Sir Francis Hyde Villiers
Karl von Below-Saleske
Minister Karl von Below-Saleske
Minister von Below-Saleske
Below-Saleske, Karl-Konrad von
Britain declared war on Germany after the latter's declaration of war on Belgium, thus violating its neutrality.
British Declaration of War on Germany
Major General Ducarne
Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albrecht von Preußen
Frederick William Victor Albert of Prussia
Sir Edward Grey
Viscount Grey
Colonel Nathanial Bernardiston
Colonel Bernardiston
Field Marshall Schlieffen
Baron Napoléon-Eugène Beyens
Napoléon-Eugène Beyens
Second Battle of the Scarpe, 1917
During the Race to the Sea, retreating Belgian forces withstood a fierce German offensive near the Yser River, preventing the encirclement of Allied forces and, in the process, helping establish the Western Front.
After British infantry captured the Belgian city of Hooge in July 1915, German forces stormed and retook the fortification only weeks later.
Battle of Festubert
During the Battle of Ypres, German forces advanced and exploited the inchoate trench lines of the British defense at Langemarck, in West Flanders. Though successful, the German army continued to press forward, and was eventually crushed by combined British and French forces.
Battle of Langemarck, 1914
Throughout 1917, the British battled Bulgarian forces near Lake Doiran, in Greece.
British Campaign to defend Serbia against Bulgarian aggression.
Atrocity Myths
Second Battle of Gaza
August Bebel
Karl Henrich Marx
During the German Spring Offensive of 1918, German forces advanced on the British line back at Villers-Bretonneux in Northern France. From there, however, the Allies counter-attacked, and forced German troops into a retreat.
The First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux
Battle of Cambrai, 1918
Fought near Ypres, in Belgium, Allied forces utilized a creeping barrage to inflict heavy losses and secure significant territory from the German Fourth Army.
After the Battle of the Marne, German troops advanced northward and made a firm stand along the Lower Aisne River. There, they successfully repelled a series of allied attacks from the shelter of trenches, marking the beginning of trench warfare on the western front (as well as the "Race to the Sea").
Advance to the Aisne
French troops seized and ultimately secured the German held town of Metzeral, in the Alsace region of North-Eastern France.
Allied troops in France begin an assault on the German Hindenburg Line.
Battle of the Canal Du Nord
Rockefeller Foundation War Relief Commission
While sailing to Russia, the British HMS Hampshire is believed to have been struck by a mine laid by a German submarine. The ship sank, and many on board were killed, including Secretary of State for War, Field Marshal Lord Kitchener.
HMS Hampshire (sinking)
During the Third Battle of Ypres, the British successfully stormed part of the German front line at the Gheluvelt Plateau, in Belgium.
Battle of the Menin Road
Battle of the Menin Road Ridge
Economic policy pursued by German authorities occupying Belgium designed to exploit Belgian agricultural resources.
German forces attacked and defeated the Russian rear guard at Vlotslavek and Kutno.
Third Battle of the Scarpe, 1917
Pillage
The policy beginning in 1916 whereby the Germans deported unemployed Belgian workers, or chômeurs, to work in their factories.
The health conditions of the Belgian civilian population were negatively impacted by the German occupation of Belgium. For example, the obstruction of import and export trade during the occupation resulted in food shortages, malnutrition and disease.
Disease
Food shortages in occupied Belgium.
The German occupation caused widespread economic hardship in Belgium. For example, the lack of raw materials for manufacturing led to industrial distress, and in turn unemployment.
Economic distress
International relief offered to Belgian civilians suffering under German occupation.
American Red Cross in Belgium
Relief efforts aimed at assisting Belgian civilians experiencing hardship while under German occupation.
Civilian Relief
Allied Offensive near the Ancre River in Picardy, France.
Operations on the Ancre
Offensive conducted by Australian, British, and American troops that eventually became the Second Battle of the Somme.
Third Battle of Albert
Battle of Albert, 1918
At the Heligoland Bight in the North Sea, the British ambushed a patrolling German fleet, sinking three light cruisers and one destroyer. Considered a great victory in Britain, the battle also convinced the German Kaiser to restrict the German fleet from engaging with the superior naval forces of the British.
First Battle of Heligoland Bight
Battle of Heligoland Bight
Rape
Moltke the Elder
Economic policy pursued by German authorities occupying Belgium designed to exploit Belgian financial resources through excessive taxation/contributions.
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Second Battle of Kemmel Ridge
During the Battle of Arras, British forces successfully invaded German trenches east of Arras, near the Scarpe River.
First Battle of the Scarpe, 1917
British and Anzac troops, as part of the Arras offensive, advanced upon the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt, eventually breaking through the German defense.
Second Battle of Bullecourt
In an attempt to draw German troops away from the 3rd Battle of Ypres, Canadian troops executed an operation to occupy the high ground at Hill 70, located near the town of Lens in Northern France. Noted for its extensive use of poison gas, the battle ultimately proved a limited success. Canadian forces secured Hill 70, but only diverted a limited amount of German forces.
Second Battle of Artois
After successfully breaking the Hindenburg Line during the Fifth Battle of Ypres, Allied forces under the command of King Albert I of Belgium advanced forward and secured territory in Northern France and southern Belgium.
Second Battle of Belgium
Battle of Courtrai
Ottoman forces sieged the British-Indian garrison of Kut, south of Baghdad. After several failed relief attempts, British General Charles Townshend surrendered, and Allied forces were imprisoned.
Neutral countries
On November 11th, 1918 Allied Forces and German High Command signed an armistice ending hostilities on the Western Front.
Cessation of Hostilities
Battle of Verdun
British and Indian troops undertake their first offensive in France with limited success.
Battle of Neuve-Chapelle
Battle of Neuve Chapelle
Panic
In an effort to destroy German U-Boats sinking allied ships carrying supplies in and around the British Isles, Allied vessels used guns, attempted to ram, and dropped depth charges (with varying levels of success).
During the Battle of the Somme, British General Sir Douglas Haig sought a breakthrough, and targeted the German line at Le Transloy, in Northern France. However, poor weather, German artillery, and British mismanagement rendered the attack a failure.
Battle of the Transloy ridges
Starting in 1916, the Germans deported unemployed Belgian workers, or chômeurs, to work in their factories. These workers were said to have suffered hardships due to German cruelty and brutality, such as from disease, hunger, cold and exposure.
Deportations
Governor von Huene
Freiherr von Hoiningen-Huene
During the Allied invasion of Gallipoli, British and French forces landed at Cape Helles hoping to press inland and seize Achi Baba. However, poor management and the Ottoman defense inflicted heavy casualties on Allied troops, who were unable to advance past the landing zone.
Battle of the Landing at Cape Helles
During the Battle of Passchendaele (3rd Battle of Ypres), British forces advanced and eventually secured a key ridge running through Broodseinde on October 4th, 1917.
Battle of Broodseinde Ridge
After the German Spring Offensive of 1918, Allied Command planned a major counter offensive, during which British, French, and American forces recaptured much of the territory lost in Northern France.
Battle of the Soissons
Battle of the Soissonnais and of the Ourcq
During the Battle of the Somme, Irish troops advanced and seized the German held town of Ginchy, suffering heavy casualties.
During the German Spring Offensive, a German offensive near Bapaume broke through Allied lines, dividing British and French forces.
First Battle of Bapaume
Sir Fowell Buxton
Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton
After a series of failures during the Gallipoli Campaign, Allied forces retreated and eventually evacuated from the peninsula.
Evacuation of Gallipoli
After a series of Allied victories, the German army retreated to the vaunted Hindenburg Line.
The British Third Army, under the direction of General Sir Julian Byng, advanced upon the town of Havrincourt, in Northern France. Despite numerical superiority and entrenched fortifications, the Germans could not withstand the British offensive. Encouraged by the result, Field Marshall Douglas Haig initiated the attack on Épehy the following day.
Battle conducted August 28th, 1914, during which the British Royal Scots Greys Calvary Regiment halted a German advance on the retreating British 1st Army Corps. The British Calvary inflicted significant losses on the pursuing German cavalry before returning to escort the 1st Army Corps.
Battle of Cerizy
Cultural hardship imposed upon Belgian population as a result of German Occupation.
Cultural Aspects
Policy pursued by German authorities occupying Belgium intending to exploit and divide Belgium into separate Walloon and Flemish components
Arnold Joseph Rosenberg
Professor A.J. Rosenberg
Professor Rosenberg
During the final stages of the war, Allied High Command planned a massive offensive, hoping it would break German resolve and lead to an armistice. The launch point for this assault was at Valenciennes, in Northern France. Despite stiff German resistance, British and Canadian forces pressed forward, capturing Valenciennes and setting the stage for the final assault.
Battle of Valenciennes
German zeppelins flew over and bombed London several times per year.
Second Battle of Bapaume
Sir Alfred Hopkinson
Louis Marie François Franck
Otto H. Kahn
The economic policies of the occupation government.
Economic Aspects
Economic policy pursued by German authorities occupying Belgium designed to exploit Belgian industrial resources.
After Italian failures against Austro-Hungarian forces, the British sent strategic materials and troops to bolster the Italian front lines.
Battle of Messines, 1918
After the failed German Spring Offensive of 1918, the Army Group of Flanders (combined Belgian, British, and French divisions under the command of King Albert I) advanced from Amiens in northern France to Mons in southwest Belgium as part of Marshal Ferdinand Foch's Grand Offensive.
Advance in Flanders
Plan of attack used by the German army that proposed Germany should aim a rapid, decisive blow at France's flank through Belgium, then sweep around and crush the French armies in the south.
Schlieffen Plan
Fought in the North Sea, near Jutland, Denmark, the Battle of Jutland was the largest naval battle and only full scale clash of battleships during the First World War. The German fleet, commanded by Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, attempted to lure a portion of the British Grand Fleet, led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, into a trap. However, in the course of battle, both forces suffered significant losses, and British dominance of the North sea was ultimately maintained.
Battle of Jutland, 1916
During the Second Battle of Ypres, Allied forces halted at German advance at the Belgian village of St. Julien.
Battle of Saint Julien
The British RMS Lusitania was sunk by a German U-Boat off the coast of Ireland in 1915 with heavy loss of life. The loss of 128 Americans outraged many in the United States.
sinking of the Lusitania
Lusitania (sinking)
Exposing a temporary weakness in the Allied defense, German troops launched a concentrated attack, breaking the line at Rosières in Northern France. Reinforcements quickly arrived, however, and the Allies managed to repel the German offensive.
Battle of Rosières
During the Battle of the Lys, British forces stationed on the high ground of Kemmel Hill repelled a German attack.
First Battle of Kemmel
First Battle of Kemmel Ridge
Battle of Ypres, 1918
Frederic C. Walcott
Lieutenant General von Sauberzweig
Third Battle of the Aisne
Battle of the Aisne, 1918
British and Australian troops advanced upon the Beaurevoir Line, the third and final trench of the Hindenburg Line. Though unable to capture the high ground in the village of Beaurevoir, Allied forces nonetheless finally breached the Hindenburg Line.
Battle of the Beaurevoir Line
The deliberate and intentional destruction of buildings by German forces.
The HMHS Llandovery Castle was a Canadian hospital ship torpedoed by a German U-Boat off the coast of southern Ireland in June 1918. The U-Boat then ran down all of the lifeboats except one. After the war, the Captain was arraigned for trial in Germany on war crimes.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Chevalier Ernst de Brunswyck
During the Third Battle of Ypres, Allied forces attempted to capture Passchendaele village in Belgium, but were repelled by the German defense.
First Battle of Passchendaele
Domestic relief efforts (such as the Belgian Red Cross) assisting Belgians under German occupation.
As part of the Fourth Battle of Ypres, German forces drove forward and took Bailleul from British troops.
Battle of Bailleul
The German SMS Emden raided Allied Shipping vessels in the Indian Ocean in the early stages of the war. British forces hunted the ship until it was forced to run aground at the Battle of Cocos in 1914.
Naval Campaign of the First World War fought between Britain and Germany around the British Isles and the Atlantic Ocean.
During the Battle of the Somme, British forces launched a massive attack near Thiepval, in Northern France. Though successful in capturing the German fortress at Thiepval, the offensive failed to produce a breakthrough.
Battle of Thiepval Ridge
After defeating Ottoman forces in West Jerusalem, the city surrendered to British General Edmund Allenby. Regrouping Ottoman forces attempted a counterattack, but the British held firm, and maintained control of the city.
As part of the First Battle of Ypres, German forces under the direction of von Falkenhayn launched an offensive in the south and east of Ypres, taking the town of Gheluvelt. However, shortly after French reinforcements arrived and, combined with British counter-attacks, retook the town.
German forces captured the Russian stronghold at Vilna.
Western frontier between India and Afghanistan. During the war, Afghanistan maintained its independence, despite pressure from the Ottoman Empire to invade British India. Several local battles, however, did occur.
German campaign that collapsed Russian lines and forced their retreat deep into Russia.
German soldiers' mutilation of civilians in Belgium and France.
Mutilation
On January 25th, 1915, German forces broke through British lines at Cuinchy. Advancing forward, the invading force was halted and ultimately driven back to their original point of attack by combined British and French forces.
Battle of Cuinchy
Attack on Cuinchy
Winter Operations, 1914-15
President Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Willibald Karl Moritz Robert Rudolf Freiherr von Langermann und Erlencamp
Baron von Langermann
Freiherr Von Langermann und Erlencamp
German forces invaded and controlled the Russian city of Warsaw.
Newton Diehl Baker, Jr.
Newton D. Baker
Right Honorable Sir Edward Clarke
On August 18th, 1918 the French 2nd Army seized Outtersteene Ridge in Flanders from occupying German forces.
During the Battle of the Somme, British and Canadian troops endured heavy casualties but nonetheless advanced and secured a portion of the German Regina Trench before eventually retreating from a German counterattack.
Third Battle of Doiran
Battle of Doiran, 1918
British forces advanced toward the Ottoman defense at Gaza, on the Mediterranean Coast. Despite capturing portions of the city, an entrenched defense and impending Ottoman reinforcements ultimately convinced Allied forces to withdraw.
German offensive in the Champagne region of Northeastern France.
Offensive in Champagne
An individual claiming the right to refuse to perform military service on ideological, personal, or religious grounds. During World War I, religion was the primary reason a very small minority refused their enlistment orders.
During the Spring Offensive of 1918, German troops initiated an attack near St. Quentin hoping to separate and isolate the British from French support. Though successful in breaking through British first and second lines of defense, the attack ultimately failed to divide French and British forces.
Battle of St. Quentin, 1918
During the Russian Civil War, Allied countries intervened in support of the White Movement from the final months of 1918 until 1919.
German soldiers in Belgium taking Belgian and French civilians prisoner.
Internment (Prisoners)
Joint Ottoman and German forces targeted the British controlled Suez Canal, but were ultimately repelled by British and ANZAC troops.
Battle of Rumani
During the Hundred Days Offensive, British forces attacked and successfully secured the German line south of the Scarpe River in Northern France.
Battle of the Scarpe, 1918
Robert Lansing
During the Battle of the Somme in Northern France, the British Expeditionary Force commanded by General Douglas Haig advanced and eventually secured the small forest of Delville Wood. However, casualties incurred during the offensive, particularly those of the South African 1st Infantry Brigade, largely diminished the tactical advantages of the British victory.
German Invasion
During the Race to the Sea, the British stormed north towards la Bassée, hoping to recapture Lille and break through into Belgium. The offensive failed, however, and both British and German forces settled into trench warfare.
Battle of la Bassée
While French and British armies retreated from Le Cateau to St. Quentin, in Northern France, an offensive was mounted to prevent German forces from following in pursuit. Though successful, Allied forces sustained heavy casualties.
First Battle of Guise
During the Great Russian Retreat from Poland, Russian forces abandoned the Ivangorod fortress to advancing Germans.
As part of the 1918 German Spring Offensive, the 6th Army, supported by heavy artillery barrage, advanced upon Portuguese and British lines in Northern France. After breaking through Portuguese defenses, the German army advanced as far as Estaires, on the Lys, before British reserve divisions finally halted their attack.
During the Allied advance on Gallipoli, British and French forces attempted to capture the small Turkish village of Krithia. However, poor communication and unexpected Ottoman resistance defeated the advance.
During the Hundred Days Offensive, Canadian forces breached the northernmost section of the Hindenburg Line, between the French cities of Drocourt and Quéant.
Chemical weapons were used to demoralize, injure and kill entrenched defenders. The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas and the severe mustard gas, to lethal agents like phosgene and chlorine.
During the Battle of Gallipoli, the British mounted a massive offensive designed to link separated British forces near Sulva. However, poor weather limited the offensive, and the Ottoman defense soundly defeated the attack.
Battle of the Ancre, 1918
Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
KPD
time
historical event
nimetty ajaton alue
named region without temporal dimension
region
Event(s) which are contained in this event.
Company or other organization.
Yritys tai muu organisaatio.
organization
Active agent.
Aktiivinen toimija.
agent
Group or organization.
Ryhmä tai organisaatio.
collective
Group of argents.
Ryhmä toimijoita.
group
Commissioner for Belgium, American Red Cross
Director of the Bureau Documentaire Belge
Commissioner for Euorope, American Red Cross
Secretary of State of the Foreign Office
President of the International Socialist Bureau
9th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Brigade
Pope Benedict XV
Benedictus XV
Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa
Pope Pius X
Pope Saint Pius X
Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto
Military history
Social history
Naval history
Political history
Aviation history
Commander of the Forts Surrounding Liège
Daniel Heineman
Clarence Graff
Millard Shaler
W. Hulse
German armies stop Franco-British counter-attack astride the River Aisne. The first trenches begin to appear in France.
Emile Francqui
Ernest Solvay
Brand Whitlock
Marquis Villalobar y O’Neil
Comité de Secours et d’Alimentation de la Province de Liège
Comité de Secours et d’Alimentation de la Province de Anvers
Comité de Secours et d’Alimentation de la Province de Flandre Orientale
Comité de Secours et d’Alimentation de la Province de Luxembourg
Commission of Inquiry into the Violation of Rules of the Law of Nations
Mr. Cattier
Mr. Nys
Mr. Van Cutsem
Mr. Wodon
Mr. Gillard
Wickliffe Rose
Henry James Jr.
Committee of Citizens of Philadelphia to Protest the Deportation of Unarmed and Defenseless Belgian Citizens
John Cadwalader
Thomas Robins
Ernest W. Corn
Edwards A. Park
Francis De S. Mulvey
Julia Romaine Van Schaick
La Croix-Rouge de Belgique
Het Belgische Rode Kruis
Red Cross of Belgium
Euvre des Petits Villageois–Dorpshulp
Aide au village
Nationaal Werk der Oorlogswezen
Œuvre nationale des Orphelins de la Guerre
L'Assistance discrete-Discrete bijstand
Majestic sunk by submarine at the Dardanelles
Inter-Allied Chartering Committee established for chartering shipping (see December 3rd, 1916, and November 3rd, 1917)
Midnight 4th-8th by Central European time
cuntd
Russian Minister for War orders General Mobilisation without the knowledge of the Tsar (see 30th and 31st)
First Meeting held (see 1st)
General Sir Percy Lake appointed Commander-in-Chief, Mesopotamia (see 19th, and August 28th)
King Edward VII sunk by a mine off the Northern coast of Scotland
Trading with the Enemy (Extension of Powers) Act, 1915 (beginning of Black List policy), comes into force in Great Britain (see January 26th and July 28th, 1916)
Ryasan interned at Guam
Astrea bombards Dar es Salaam (see September 4th, 1916)
Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Leipzig, and Ntunimberg sunk
First warship to enter Straits
See February 21st
Cassandra sunk by mine in the Baltic (night 4th/5th)
Venizelos obtains secret consent of King Constantine to proposed Entente expedition to Salonika (see 24th and 28th)
Vanguard sunk by internal explosion in the harbour
See January 28th
Livonia sunk by British submarine in the Baltic
Baralong (special service ship) destroys German submarine U
King of Montenegro issues manifesto in favour of a confederated Yugo-Slavia with autonomous States (see 29th, and November 7th and 28rd)
Jason (torpedo gunboat) sunk by mine off west coast of Scotland
Affairs near Karonga (Nyassaland)
Pathfinder sunk by submarine in the North Sea (first British warship so destroyed)
Laconia sunk by submarine (see 27th)
Campania sunk by collision in the Firth of Forth
Belgian Government reply to President Wilson's Note placing themselves in hands of Allies (see December 18th, 1916, and September 15th, 1918)
Baron Beyen, officiated in the appointment from July 26th, 1915, till January 18th, 1916, during which period M
See May 31st, 1915, and August 5th, 1918
Venizelos at Salonika declares war on Germany and Bulgaria (see September 29th, 1916, and June 27th, 1917)
See June 5th, 1916
General Sir Percy Lake as Commander-in-Chief, Mesopotamia (see January 19th, and November 18th, 1917)
11th
Venizelos asks British and French Governments to land troops at Salonika as soon as possible (see 3rd and 5th, and September 28th)
General Sir Bryan Mahon appointed General Officer Commanding British Forces, Balkans (see May 9th, 1916)
Approximate date
Hampshire sunk by mine off Scottish coast
Dacia sails from United States for Bremen (Germany) with cargo of cotton (see 27th, and January 6th)
Discussions continued on the 6th and 7th
General Allenby makes formal entry into Jerusalem (see 9th)
Lusitania arrives at Liverpool flying United States flag (see January 3rd and May 7th)
Appam captured by German raider Moewe (see December 26th, 1915, and February 1st, 1916)
Mimi and Fifi
General Sir Percy Lake takes over command of British forces in Mesopotamia from General Nixon (see 14th, and August 28th)
Forces in France
Brussels shot by order of a German court-martial in Belgium
See 19th, and August 29th, 1916
First units to cross by air
First Japanese contingents arrive at Vladivostok (see 2nd and 24th, and September 5th)
Greek Cabinet (Skouloudhis) resign (see November 6th, 1915)
Niger sunk by German submarine off Deal
Glitra (see February 19th and March 13th and 28th, 1915)
Warsaw occupied by German forces (see July 13th)
commissioned
Hawke sunk by German submarine in North Sea
Admiral von Spee's squadron bombards Papeete in Tahiti (see German light cruiser Emden bombards Madras (see 10th, I and October 28th)
Second Offensive Battle of Verdun ends (see August 20th)
National Council of Fiume proclaims the independence of the city and announces its desire for union with Italy (see November 5th)
Goeben strikes mine and is beached (see 27th)
acia valid (see February 27th)
War Office takes over anti-aircraft defence of London from the Admiralty, and becomes responsible for anti-aircraft defence generally throughout the kingdom
* The German note was received by President Wilson on October 6th and the Austrian on October 7th
Diclaration presented at St
Battle of the Meuse begins (see 28th)
Mimi and Toutou (see 23rd, and February 9th, 1916)
Formidable sunk by German submarine in the English Channel
Ancona sunk by Austrian submarine
Sydney at the Cocos Islands (see October 28th)
l rd
Turko-German delegates arrive at Batum to negotiate peace with the Georgians and Armenians (see April 22nd, May 26th, and June 8th)
Argyll wrecked on east coast of Scotland
Allied squadrons bombard forts at entrance of the Dardanelles (see December 13th)
See May 17th and June 14th
Falaba sunk by a German submarine (see 13th, and October 20th, 1914)
See 8th, and December 14th
State of War begins between the Ukraine and Poland (see 23rd)
First neutral ship sunk after visit and search (see 13th)
Gulflight torpedoed without warning: damaged, but reaches port
First experimented with in January 1915
Tuscania, carrying United States troops, sunk by submarine off Irish coast
Decision not to make separate peace (see April 26th)
Arothusa sunk by mine in North Sea
Appam brought to Norfolk, Va
Signor Salandra, Italian Premier, tenders his resignation (see 16th, and October 30th, 1914)
Highflyer and German armed merchant cruiser Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse off the Rio de Oro: latter sunk (see August 4)
War Office assumes control of British operations in East Africa
See December 13th
This is the French date for the close of The Defensive Battle of Verdun
Accepted
Venizelos again resigns (see 6th, and August 22nd, 1915, and June 26th, 1917)
Drake sunk by submarine in the North Channel
Sussex (British) torpedoed by submarine in the English Channel (see April 18th)
State of War also begins between Greece and Austria-Hungary and between Greece and Turkey (see 26th)
Experimental convoys had been tried in May
Vossuq ed Douleh, Persian Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, resigns (see August 29th, 1916, June 6th, 1917, a'id August 7th, 1918)
*Though nominally Chief of Staff, General Aleksei Brusilov was virtually Commander-in-Chief and reformed the duties of that office till the Tsar's abdication on March 15th, 1917, and continued as me'ander
Arabic sunk by German submarine
Hanna torpedoed without warning
From raid on England
Aboukir, Hogue, and Cressy sunk by German submarine U
Battle of the Frontiers begins in France
Last German airship to be destroyed
Natal destroyed by internal explosion in Cromarty harbour
William P
State of War commences between Montenegro and Germany (see 5th)
Soharnhorst (flag), Gneisenau, Nuirnberg
Italian S
First submarine destroyed
Tanks in action for the first time (see July 28th, 1917)
Audacious sunk by mine off coast of Donegal
From Bremen (see August 23rd)
News of armistice received (see 9th, 14th and 25th)
Affair of Longido
La Bataille dos Monts, otherwise called the Third Battle of Champagne ﻿
Ruel
Julnar (see 29th)
Simoom sunk
Achilles and Armed Boarding Steamer Dundee Leopard sunk
Pegasus sunk by German light cruiser Knigsberg at Zanzibar (see October 31st, 1914, and July 11th, 1915)
Blonde attacked by aircraft
Dacia intercepted and seized by French naval forces (see 11th, and March 22nd)
British command of Lake Tanganyik secured (see December 26th)
Germany severs diplomatic relations with Japan (see 15th)
Goliath sunk by Turkish destroyer in the Dardanelles
Glatton sunk by an explosion in Dover Harbour
Dacia (interned in the United States) sold to Mr
Allied advance on Kamina (Togoland) from Lome begins (see 8th and 26th)
North Serbia taken by Austro-German forces (30th/1st)
Action between H
Doullens Agreement concluded
Venizelos (see 2nd, and September 27th)
Vindictive sunk to block the harbour (see April 23rd)
General Sir Bryan Mahon as General Officer Commanding British Forces, Salonika (see October 28th, 1915)
Lusitania sunk by German submarine U
Britannia sunk by submarine in the Atlantic (last warship so lost)
War Office takes over from the India Office control of operations in Mesopotamia
First Offensive Battle of Yerdun ends (see October 24th, 1916, and August 20th, 1917)
Amphion sunk by mine off Yarmouth
Gloucester and the Goeben and Breslau off the coast of Greece (see 4th and 11th)
* There were altogether 59 aeroplane raids against the British Isles during which bombs were dropped
See December 19th, 1914
Pacific blockade of Greece by Entente Powers begins (see 22nd)
Pacific blockade of Greece suspended (see 6th)
10th
General Oka, Japanese Minister for War, resigns (appointed April 16th, 1914) (see 30th)
Royal Edward sunk in the Aegean by a German submarine
The only loss sustained by U
See December 10th, 1915
See October 9th, 1916
German force under Colonel von Lettow-Vorbec effects passage of the Rovuma and defeats Portuguese force at Ngomano
Dresden escapes (see March 14th, 1915)
Bristol and German cruiser Karlsruhe in the West Indies (see November 4th)
The German list carries the battle up to September 9th
Appointed January 11th, 1913
See 27th
Venizelos asks for guarantee of 150,000 British and French troops as condition for Greek intervention (see 24th, and March 5th)
State of War commences between Serbia and Turkey
Hermes sunk by German submarine in Straits of Dover
Russell sunk by mine in the Mediterranean
Manica
Surada and Murcia sunk by submarine (in the Mediterranean)
Venizelos proffers Greek fleet and troops to Entente for operations at the Dardanelles (see 6th, and February 15th and September 21st)
Cornwallis sunk by submarine in Mediterranean
Speedy sunk by mine off the Humber
Partridge (see October 17th)
Triumph sunk by submarine off the Dardanelles
See November 9th
toglenitza
Appointed December 11th, 1905
Falmouth and Nottingham sunk by submarine
Bulwark destroyed by internal explosion in Sheerness harbour
Dresden and Leipzig joined on October 12th and 14th respectively
Bukovina reoccupied by Russian forces (see 22nd, and February 17th, 1915)
Good Hope and Monmouth sunk by Admiral von Spee's Squadron (see September 22nd and December 8th)
Second Offensive Battle of Verdun begins (see December 15th)
Brusilov's Offensive continued (see 4th)
Nusa near Talassia (Neu Pommern)
See August 15th
contd
uentin (21st/23rd) (see November 18th, 1916, and April 5th, 1918)
Dede Agatch Agreement concluded between Turkey and Bulgaria, rectifying Turkish frontier in favour of Bulgaria
Undaunted and destroyers with four German First British submarines
Medea captured by German submarine and stink
Belridge torpedoed, but reaches port
Location of the RMS Lusitania Shipwreck
Atrocities in Jarny
Atrocities in Bazailles
Atrocities in Badonviller
Atrocities in Nomeny
Atrocities in Audun-le-Roman
Atrocities in Mont-Saint-Martin
Atrocities in Maixe
Atrocities in Chenières
Atrocities in Fillières
Atrocities in Landres
Atrocities in Mercy-le-Haut
Atrocities in Saint-Pancré
Atrocities in Fresnois-la-Montagne
Atrocities in Gerbéviller
Atrocities in Longuyon
Atrocities in Haybes
Atrocities in Rouvres
Atrocities in Lunéville
Atrocities in Margny
Atrocities in Quérénaing
Atrocities in Vicoigne
Atrocities in Sedan
Atrocities in Maubert-Fontaine
Atrocities in Saulces-Monclin
Atrocities in Rethel
Atrocities in Senlis
Atrocities in Bignicourt-sur-Saulz
16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment
1st Bavarian Infantry Regiment
2nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment
4th Bavarian Infantry Regiment
8th Bavarian Infantry Regiment
8th Bavarian Infantry Brigade
Central Reserves & Border Fortresses
33rd Reserve Division
3rd Royal Bavarian Chevau-légers
3rd Bavarian Light Calvary
22nd Infantry Regiment
86th Infantry Brigade
60th Infantry Regiment
166th Infantry Regiment
2nd Jäger Battalion
156th Infantry Regiment
14th Infantry Regiment
7th Uhlan Regiment
66th Bavarian Infantry Regiment
68th Bavarian Infantry Regiment
18th Hussar Regiment
102nd Infantry Regiment
23rd Dragoons Regiment
Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee
Nicholas I Mirkov Petrovich-Nyegosh
King Nicholas I
Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
Sir Charles Carmichael Monro
Sir Charles Carmichael Monro, 1st Baronet of Bearcrofts
Ōshima Ken'ichi
Aleksei Alekseevich Brusilov
General Brusilov
Sir Bryan Thomas Mahon
Sir Percy Henry Noel Lake
Sir John Eccles Nixon
Venizelos
Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos
Constantine I
Viscount Kato
Viscount Milner
Viscount Motono
Viscount Motono Ichirō
Viscount Ishii Kikujirō
Marquess Ōkuma Shigenobu
Jean Raphaël Adrien René Viviani
Alexander Wekerle
Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
Sir James Murray
Sir Worthington Laming Worthington-Evans, 1st Baronet
Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
Schrecklichkeit
Frightfulness