δέ : but, and;
strictly neither adversative nor copulative, but used to
offset statements or parts of statements; such
offsetting or coördination (‘parataxis’)
by means of δέ, when it appears in place
of the to us more familiar subordination of ideas
(‘hypotaxis’), gives rise to the translation
‘while,’ ‘though,’
‘for,’ etc. Hence δέ
appears even in the apodosis of conditional or temporal sentences,
οἳ δ᾽ ἐπεὶ οὖν ἤγερθεν.. τοῖσι δ̓
ἀνιστάμενος μετέφη, when they were all assembled,
‘then’ arose Achilles, Il.
1.57, 137. The other extreme, of an apparently adversative
force, is best seen in negative sentences where δέ is (rarely) used for ἀλλά, Od. 9.145. With other
particles, καὶ
(‘also’) δέ, (δέ) τε, ἄρα, αὖ, δή.
δέ is placed as second (or third) word in its clause, but a
vocative is not counted, Od.
3.247.