Apollodorus, Library (ed. Sir James George Frazer), book 3 (search)
dfield, “The Aborigines of Australia,” Transactions of
the Ethnological Society of London, iii. （1865） p.
287. In Travancore the spirits of murderers who have been hanged are thought to
be very mischievous; hence, in order to prevent them from doing harm, it used to be
customary to cut off the heels of the criminal with a sword or to hamstring him as he
swung on the gallows. See S. Mateer, The Land of Charity
（London, （1871）, pp. 203ff. In Armenia, when a person falls sick soon after the death
of a member of the family, it is supposed that the sickness is caused by the dead man,
who cannot rest in his grave until he has drawn away one of his kinsfolk to the spirit
land. To prevent this catastrophe, the body of the deceased is disinterred and
decapitated, and to make assurance doubly sure the head is smashed or a needle is stuck
into it and into the heart. See Manuk Abeghian, Der armenisc
God gave the signal, and it began to rain, the water poured
down forty entire days, till it became fifteen cubits higher than the earth;
which was the reason why there was no greater number preserved, since they
had no place to fly to. When the rain ceased, the water did but just begin
to abate after one hundred and fifty days, (that is, on the seventeenth
day of the seventh month,) it then ceasing to subside for a little while.
After this, the ark rested on the top of a certain mountain in Armenia;
which, when Noah understood, he opened it; and seeing a small piece of
land about it, he continued quiet, and conceived some cheerful hopes of
deliverance. But a few days afterward, when the water was decreased to
a greater degree, he sent out a raven, as desirous to learn whether any
other part of the earth were left dry by the water, and whether he might
go out of the ark with safety; but the raven, finding all the land still
overflowed, returned to Noah again. And after seven days he se
n. For Elam left
behind him the Elamites, the ancestors of the Persians. Ashur lived at
the city Nineve; and named his subjects Assyrians, who became the most
fortunate nation, beyond others. Arphaxad named the Arphaxadites, who are
now called Chaldeans. Aram had the Aramites, which the Greeks called Syrians;
as Laud founded the Laudites, which are now called Lydians. Of the four
sons of Aram, Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus: this country lies between
Palestine and Celesyria. Ul founded Armenia; and Gather the Bactrians;
and Mesa the Mesaneans; it is now called Charax Spasini. Sala was the son
of Arphaxad; and his son was Heber, from whom they originally called the
Jews Hebrews. That the Jews were called Hebrews from this their progenitor Heber, our
author Josephus here rightly affirms; and not from Abram the Hebrew, or
passenger over Euphrates, as many of the moderns suppose. Shem is also
called the father of all the children of Heber, or of all the Hebrews,
in a history long bef
resistance. She also prevailed with Tigranes,
king of Armenia, who lay with his troops about Ptolemais, and besieged
Cleopatra, Strabo,
B. XVI. p. 740, relates, that this Selene Cleopatra was besieged by Tigranes,
not in Ptolemais, as here, but after she had left Syria, in Seleucia, a
citadel in Mesopotamia; and adds, that when he had kept her a while in
prison, he put her to death. Dean Aldrich supposes here that Strabo contradicts
Josephus, which does not appear to me; for although Josephus says both
here and in the Antiquities, B. XIII. ch. 16. sect. 4, that Tigranes besieged
her now in Ptolemais, and that he took the city, as the Antiquities inform
us, yet does he no where intimate that he now took the queen herself; so
that both the narrations of Strabo and Josephus may still be true notwithstanding.
by agreements and presents, to go away. Accordingly, Tigranes soon arose
from the siege, by reason of those domestic tumults which happened upon
Lucullus's expedition into Armenia.
n
away from the city, and, continuing his flight with great swiftness, he
escaped to the place called Petra, which is the royal seat of the king
of Arabia, where he put Hyrcanus into Aretas's hand; and by discoursing
much with him, and gaining upon him with many presents, he prevailed with
him to give him an army that might restore him to his kingdom. This army
consisted of fifty thousand footmen and horsemen, against which Aristobulus
was not able to make resistance, but was deserted in his first onset, and
was driven to Jerusalem; he also had been taken at first by force, if Scaurus,
the Roman general, had not come and seasonably interposed himself, and
raised the siege. This Scaurus was sent into Syria from Armenia by Pompey
the Great, when he fought against Tigranes; so Scaurus came to Damascus,
which had been lately taken by Metellus and Lollius, and caused them to
leave the place; and, upon his hearing how the affairs of Judea stood,
he made haste thither as to a certain booty.
Xenophon, Anabasis (ed. Carleton L. Brownson), Book 2, chapter 4 (search)
we are defeated, not one of us can be saved.
For my part, therefore, I cannot see why the King, who has so many advantages on his side, should need, in case he is really eager to destroy us, to make oath and give pledge and forswear himself by the gods and make his good faith unfaithful in the eyes of Greeks and barbarians.” Such arguments Clearchus would present in abundance.
Meanwhile Tissaphernes returned with his own forces as if intending to go back home, and likewise OrontasSatrap of Armenia with his forces; the latter was also taking home the King's daughter as his wife.
Then they finally began the march, Tissaphernes taking the lead and providing a market; and Ariaeus with Cyrus' barbarian army kept with Tissaphernes and Orontas on the march and encamped with them.
The Greeks, however, viewing them all with suspicion, proceeded by themselves, with their own guides. And the two parties encamped in every case a parasang or more from one another, and kept guard each against the
Xenophon, Anabasis (ed. Carleton L. Brownson), Book 3, chapter 5 (search)
with the Carduchians and some of the Carduchians with them.
After listening to these statements from the men who claimed to know the way in every direction, the generals caused them to withdraw, without giving them the least clue as to the direction in which they proposed to march. The opinion of the generals however, was that they must make their way through the mountains into the country of the Carduchians; for the prisoners said that after passing through this country they would come to Armenia, the large and prosperous province of which Orontas was ruler; and from there, they said, it was easy to go in any direction one chose.
Thereupon the generals offered sacrifice, so that they could begin the march at the moment they thought bestAs a rule it was immediately before an army set out that sacrifice was offered.—for they feared that the pass over the mountains might be occupied in advance; and they issued orders that when the troops had dined, every man should pack up his belongin
Xenophon, Anabasis (ed. Carleton L. Brownson), Book 4, chapter 1 (search)
rsian army was hanging upon the Greek rear.
When the Greeks finally reached a point where the Tigris river was quite impassable by reason of its depth and width, and where there was no passage-way alongside the river, since the Carduchian mountains hung sheer and close above it, the generals were forced to the conclusion that they must make their way through the mountains.
For they heard from the prisoners who were taken that once they had passed through the Carduchian mountains and reached Armenia, they could there cross the headwaters of the Tigris river, if they so desired, or, if they preferred, could go round them. They were also informed that the headwaters of the Euphrates were not far from those of the Tigris,—and such is indeed the case.
Now they conducted their invasion of the country of the Carduchians in the following way, since they were seeking not only to escape observation, but at the same time to reach the heights before the enemy could take possession of them.]
When
Xenophon, Anabasis (ed. Carleton L. Brownson), Book 4, chapter 3 (search)
(Xen. Anab. 4.2.22). they found quarters in the villages that lie above the plain bordering the Centrites river, which is about two plethra in width and separates Armenia and the country of the Carduchians. There the Greeks took breath, glad to behold a plain; for the river was distant six or seven stadia from the mountains of the med and ready to dispute their passage, and likewise foot-soldiers drawn up in line of battle upon the bluffs above the horsemen, to prevent their pushing up into Armenia.
All these were the troops of OrontasSatrap of Armenia. cp. Xen. Anab. 2.4.8-9; Xen. Anab. 3.4.13, Xen. Anab. 3.5.17. and Artuchas,A Persian general. and consisteArmenia. cp. Xen. Anab. 2.4.8-9; Xen. Anab. 3.4.13, Xen. Anab. 3.5.17. and Artuchas,A Persian general. and consisted of Armenians, Mardians, and Chaldaean mercenaries. The Chaldaeans were said to be an independent and valiant people; they had as weapons long wicker shields and lances.
Now the bluffs just mentioned, upon which these troops were drawn up, were distant three or four plethra from the river, and there was only one road to be seen th
Xenophon, Anabasis (ed. Carleton L. Brownson), Book 4, chapter 4 (search)
When they had accomplished the crossing, they formed in line of battle about midday and marched through Armenia, over entirely level country and gently sloping hills, not less than five parasangs; for there were no villages near the river because of the wars between the Armenians and Carduchians.
The village which they finally reacifteen parasangs, to the Teleboas river. This was a beautiful river, though not a large one, and there were many villages about it.
This region was called Western Armenia. Its lieutenant-governorSubordinate to the satrap of all Armenia, Orontas. See Xen. Anab. 4.3.4, and note thereon. was Tiribazus, who had proved himself a friend Armenia, Orontas. See Xen. Anab. 4.3.4, and note thereon. was Tiribazus, who had proved himself a friend to the King and, so often as he was present, was the only man permitted to help the King mount his horse.
He rode up to the Greeks with a body of horsemen, and sending forward an interpreter, said that he wished to confer with their commanders. The generals decided to hear what he had to say, and, after approaching within hearing d
